2023 US News 美國研究所排名公佈！

一年一度的 US News 美國研究所排名又公佈囉！與往年一樣，研究所部分會針對商業、法律、醫學、工程、教育等領域分別進行學校排名，一起來看看今年的榜單吧！

US News 如何排名這些研究所？

就像我們開頭提到的，US News 是依據不同領域進行院校排名，而這些數據分別從「該領域專家意見」和「衡量學校教師、學術研究及學生質量」兩大指標而來。

統計時間從 2021 年秋季至 2022 年初，除了進行各校 2,150 多個項目統計之外，也邀請 23,200 位學者和專業人士進行聲譽調查，所有受訪者都將以 1 (最差)- 5 (最好) 給予評分。

除此之外，2023 年的排名依據有些變化，除了六大主要學科之外，也公佈了其他領域的排名，像是社會科學、人文藝術、圖書館資訊學、公共事務等等。

了解排名依據之後，接下來讓我們看看是哪些研究院校獲得名次吧！

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：商業（Business）

名次	學校	學校位置	學生數
1	University of Chicago	Chicago, IL	1,249
1	University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, PA	1,874
3	Northwestern University	Evanston, IL	1,425
3	Stanford University	Stanford, CA	897
5	Harvard University	Allston, MA	1,742
6	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Cambridge, MA	934
7	Yale University	New Haven, CT	721
8	Columbia University	New York, NY	1,426
8	University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, CA	638
10	University of Michigan-Ann Arbor	Ann Arbor, MI	747
11	Dartmouth College	Hanover, NH	581
12	Duke University	Durham, NC	855
12	New York University	New York, NY	658
14	University of Virginia	Charlottesville, VA	746
15	Cornell University	Ithaca, NY	589
16	Carnegie Mellon University	Pittsburgh, PA	371
17	University of California-Los Angeles	Los Angeles, CA	719
18	University of Texas-Austin	Austin, TX	487
19	University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill	Chapel Hill, NC	637
19	University of Southern California	Los Angeles, CA	439
21	Emory University	Atlanta, GA	301
22	Georgetown University	Washington, DC	534
22	Indiana University	Bloomington, IN	246
22	University of Washington	Seattle, WA	235
25	University of Notre Dame	Notre Dame, IN	316
25	Vanderbilt University	Nashville, TN	364
27	Rice University	Houston, TX	352
28	Georgia Institute of Technology	Atlanta, GA	145
29	Arizona State University	Tempe, AZ	118
29	University of Florida	Gainesville, FL	79
29	University of Texas-Dallas	Richardson, TX	109
29	Washington University in St. Louis	St. Louis, MO	182
33	Pennsylvania State University-University Park	University Park, PA	107
33	University of Minnesota-Twin Cities	Minneapolis, MN	157
33	University of Rochester	Rochester, NY	230
36	Brigham Young University	Provo, UT	295
36	Michigan State University	East Lansing, MI	143
38	University of Georgia	Athens, GA	117
39	Ohio State University	Columbus, OH	120
40	University of Utah	Salt Lake City, UT	95
41	Boston College	Chestnut Hill, MA	182
41	Southern Methodist University	Dallas, TX	176
41	Texas A&M University-College Station	College Station, TX	145
44	University of California-Irvine	Irvine, CA	94
45	Rutgers University-Newark and New Brunswick	Newark, NJ	66
45	University of Maryland-College Park	College Park, MD	148
47	Boston University	Boston, MA	315
47	University of Arizona	Tucson, AZ	63
47	University of South Carolina	Columbia, SC	64
47	University of Wisconsin-Madison	Madison, WI	176
47	William & Mary	Williamsburg, VA	202

資料來源：US News

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：法律（Law）

名次	學校	學校位置	學生數
1	Yale University	New Haven, CT	636
2	Stanford University	Stanford, CA	577
3	University of Chicago	Chicago, IL	626
4	Columbia University	New York, NY	1,293
4	Harvard University	Cambridge, MA	1,747
6	University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, PA	824
7	New York University	New York, NY	1,413
8	University of Virginia	Charlottesville, VA	922
9	University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, CA	1,088
10	University of Michigan-Ann Arbor	Ann Arbor, MI	964
11	Duke University	Durham, NC	742
12	Cornell University	Ithaca, NY	580
13	Northwestern University	Chicago, IL	769
14	Georgetown University	Washington, DC	1,798
15	University of California-Los Angeles	Los Angeles, CA	1,038
16	Washington University in St. Louis	St. Louis, MO	744
17	Boston University	Boston, MA	796
17	University of Texas-Austin	Austin, TX	998
17	Vanderbilt University	Nashville, TN	544
20	University of Southern California	Los Angeles, CA	613
21	University of Florida	Gainesville, FL	703
21	University of Minnesota	Minneapolis, MN	677
23	Brigham Young University	Provo, UT	383
23	University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill	Chapel Hill, NC	589
25	George Washington University	Washington, DC	1,563
25	University of Alabama	Tuscaloosa, AL	412
25	University of Notre Dame	Notre Dame, IN	565
28	University of Iowa	Iowa City, IA	500
29	University of Georgia	Athens, GA	571
30	Arizona State University	Phoenix, AZ	850
30	Emory University	Atlanta, GA	811
30	George Mason University	Arlington, VA	495
30	Ohio State University	Columbus, OH	552
30	William & Mary Law School	Williamsburg, VA	622
35	University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign	Champaign, IL	492
36	Washington and Lee University	Lexington, VA	379
37	Boston College	Newton, MA	854
37	Fordham University	New York, NY	1,150
37	University of California-Davis	Davis, CA	668
37	University of California-Irvine	Irvine, CA	443
37	University of Utah	Salt Lake City, UT	288
37	Wake Forest University	Winston-Salem, NC	461
43	Indiana University-Bloomington	Bloomington, IN	558
43	University of Wisconsin-Madison	Madison, WI	729
45	University of Arizona	Tucson, AZ	395
46	Texas A&M University	Fort Worth, TX	511
47	Florida State University	Tallahassee, FL	540
47	University of Maryland	Baltimore, MD	602
49	University of Colorado-Boulder	Boulder, CO	511
49	University of Washington	Seattle, WA	492

資料來源：US News

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：醫學（Medicine）

名次	學校	學校位置	學生數
1	Harvard University	Boston, MA	699
2	New York University	New York, NY	409
3	Columbia University	New York, NY	577
3	Johns Hopkins University	Baltimore, MD	470
3	University of California-San Francisco	San Francisco, CA	646
6	Duke University	Durham, NC	507
6	University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, PA	626
8	Stanford University	Stanford, CA	491
9	University of Washington	Seattle, WA	1,092
10	Yale University	New Haven, CT	408
11	Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai	New York, NY	531
11	Washington University in St. Louis	St. Louis, MO	448
13	Vanderbilt University	Nashville, TN	409
14	Cornell University	New York, NY	451
14	Mayo Clinic School of Medicine	Rochester, MN	409
14	University of Pittsburgh	Pittsburgh, PA	610
17	Northwestern University	Chicago, IL	649
17	University of Michigan-Ann Arbor	Ann Arbor, MI	695
19	University of California-Los Angeles	Los Angeles, CA	721
20	University of California-San Diego	La Jolla, CA	521
20	University of Chicago	Chicago, IL	370
22	Baylor College of Medicine	Houston, TX	721
22	Emory University	Atlanta, GA	593
24	Case Western Reserve University	Cleveland, OH	924
25	University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill	Chapel Hill, NC	779
25	University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center	Dallas, TX	905
27	University of Colorado	Aurora, CO	697
28	University of Southern California	Los Angeles, CA	728
29	University of Maryland	Baltimore, MD	598
30	Ohio State University	Columbus, OH	830
30	University of Virginia	Charlottesville, VA	632
32	Boston University	Boston, MA	647
32	Oregon Health and Science University	Portland, OR	597
32	University of Alabama-Birmingham	Birmingham, AL	806
35	Brown University	Providence, RI	607
35	University of Utah	Salt Lake City, UT	489
37	Albert Einstein College of Medicine	Bronx, NY	782
37	University of Florida	Gainesville, FL	585
37	University of Rochester	Rochester, NY	438
37	University of Wisconsin-Madison	Madison, WI	715
41	Indiana University-Indianapolis	Indianapolis, IN	1,436
41	University of Iowa	Iowa City, IA	612
43	University of Cincinnati	Cincinnati, OH	715
43	University of Miami	Miami, FL	819
43	University of Minnesota	Minneapolis, MN	1,033
46	University of South Florida	Tampa, FL	726
47	Dartmouth College	Hanover, NH	380
47	University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School	Worcester, MA	663
47	University of Texas Health Science Center-San Antonio	San Antonio, TX	857
47	Wake Forest University	Winston-Salem, NC	570

資料來源：US News

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：工程（Engineering）

名次	學校	學校位置	學生數
1	Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Cambridge, MA	3,281
2	Stanford University	Stanford, CA	3,241
3	University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, CA	2,760
4	Carnegie Mellon University	Pittsburgh, PA	4,383
4	Purdue University-West Lafayette	West Lafayette, IN	3,602
6	University of Texas-Austin	Austin, TX	2,208
7	California Institute of Technology	Pasadena, CA	514
7	Georgia Institute of Technology	Atlanta, GA	4,565
9	University of Michigan-Ann Arbor	Ann Arbor, MI	3,535
10	Texas A&M University-College Station	College Station, TX	3,131
10	University of California-San Diego	La Jolla, CA	3,231
10	University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign	Urbana, IL	3,769
13	Columbia University	New York, NY	3,899
13	Cornell University	Ithaca, NY	2,189
15	University of Southern California	Los Angeles, CA	4,572
16	Johns Hopkins University	Baltimore, MD	2,378
16	University of California-Los Angeles	Los Angeles, CA	2,503
18	Northwestern University	Evanston, IL	2,078
18	University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, PA	2,449
20	Princeton University	Princeton, NJ	803
21	Harvard University	Allston, MA	695
22	University of Maryland-College Park	College Park, MD	1,488
23	University of Colorado-Boulder	Boulder, CO	2,043
24	Duke University	Durham, NC	1,589
24	University of Washington	Seattle, WA	1,833
26	North Carolina State University	Raleigh, NC	2,782
27	Rice University	Houston, TX	1,258
27	University of California-Santa Barbara	Santa Barbara, CA	750
29	University of Wisconsin-Madison	Madison, WI	1,534
30	Ohio State University	Columbus, OH	1,466
30	Virginia Tech	Blacksburg, VA	2,270
32	Pennsylvania State University-University Park	University Park, PA	2,076
33	New York University	Brooklyn, NY	3,215
33	Northeastern University	Boston, MA	7,259
35	Boston University	Boston, MA	1,256
35	University of California-Davis	Davis, CA	1,277
37	University of Virginia	Charlottesville, VA	946
38	University of California-Irvine	Irvine, CA	1,725
38	Yale University	New Haven, CT	473
40	Arizona State University	Tempe, AZ	3,288
41	University of Florida	Gainesville, FL	2,062
41	University of Minnesota-Twin Cities	Minneapolis, MN	1,490
43	Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute	Troy, NY	679
43	Vanderbilt University	Nashville, TN	565
45	Case Western Reserve University	Cleveland, OH	705
45	University of Delaware	Newark, DE	870
45	University of Rochester	Rochester, NY	564
48	Iowa State University	Ames, IA	1,280
48	University of Dayton	Dayton, OH	1,037
48	University of Notre Dame	Notre Dame, IN	631
48	University of Pittsburgh	Pittsburgh, PA	779
48	Washington University in St. Louis	St. Louis, MO	1,254

資料來源：US News

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：護理（Nursing）

名次	學校	學校位置	學生數
1	Johns Hopkins University	Baltimore, MD	488
2	Duke University	Durham, NC	471
2	Emory University	Atlanta, GA	808
4	University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, PA	480
5	University of Washington	Seattle, WA	128
6	Columbia University	New York, NY	339
7	Ohio State University	Columbus, OH	471
8	University of Michigan-Ann Arbor	Ann Arbor, MI	171
8	University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill	Chapel Hill, NC	150
8	Vanderbilt University	Nashville, TN	756
11	Case Western Reserve University	Cleveland, OH	199
11	University of California-San Francisco	San Francisco, CA	396
13	University of Illinois-Chicago	Chicago, IL	323
13	University of Virginia	Charlottesville, VA	269
15	New York University	New York, NY	553
16	University of Alabama-Birmingham	Birmingham, AL	1,101
17	Rush University	Chicago, IL	351
18	Rutgers University-Newark	Newark, NJ	41
19	University of California-Los Angeles	Los Angeles, CA	311
20	Yale University	Orange, CT	319
21	University of Maryland-Baltimore	Baltimore, MD	269
21	University of Rochester	Rochester, NY	316
23	University of California-Davis	Sacramento, CA	130
23	University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus	Aurora, CO	240
23	University of Texas-Austin	Austin, TX	228
26	Purdue University–West Lafayette	West Lafayette, IN	36
27	Boston College	Chestnut Hill, MA	83
27	George Washington University	Washington, DC	405
29	University of Miami	Coral Gables, FL	171
29	University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston	Houston, TX	520
31	Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center	Lubbock, TX	624
32	Wayne State University	Detroit, MI	134
33	University of South Carolina	Columbia, SC	28
34	University of Arizona	Tucson, AZ	125
34	University of Connecticut	Storrs, CT	148
34	Virginia Commonwealth University	Richmond, VA	271
37	George Mason University	Fairfax, VA	50
37	Indiana University-Purdue University–Indianapolis	Indianapolis, IN	351
37	Texas A&M University Health Science Center	Bryan, TX	130
40	Washington State University	Spokane, WA	27
41	Villanova University	Villanova, PA	137
42	Hofstra University	Hempstead, NY	162
42	University of California-Irvine	Irvine, CA	39
42	University of South Florida	Tampa, FL	597
45	Duquesne University	Pittsburgh, PA	327
45	Pace University	New York, NY	393
45	University of Rhode Island	Providence, RI	85
45	University of San Diego	San Diego, CA	120
49	Arizona State University	Phoenix, AZ	98
49	University of Alabama	Tuscaloosa, AL	191
49	University of Cincinnati	Cincinnati, OH	285
49	University of San Francisco	San Francisco, CA	329
49	University of Texas-Arlington	Arlington, TX	236

資料來源：US News

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：教育（Education）

名次	學校	學校位置	學生數
1	University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, PA	1,177
2	Harvard University	Cambridge, MA	746
3	University of California-Los Angeles	Los Angeles, CA	725
4	New York University	New York, NY	1,526
5	University of Wisconsin-Madison	Madison, WI	750
6	Vanderbilt University	Nashville, TN	868
7	Teachers College, Columbia University	New York, NY	3,163
8	University of Michigan-Ann Arbor	Ann Arbor, MI	474
9	Stanford University	Stanford, CA	316
10	University of California-Irvine	Irvine, CA	244
11	Northwestern University	Evanston, IL	239
12	Arizona State University	Phoenix, AZ	926
12	University of Washington	Seattle, WA	743
14	Johns Hopkins University	Baltimore, MD	734
14	University of Kansas	Lawrence, KS	450
14	University of Oregon	Eugene, OR	450
17	University of Virginia	Charlottesville, VA	542
18	University of Texas-Austin	Austin, TX	629
19	Boston College	Chestnut Hill, MA	495
20	University of Minnesota-Twin Cities	Minneapolis, MN	1,412
21	University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, CA	274
22	Michigan State University	East Lansing, MI	711
23	University of Florida	Gainesville, FL	560
23	University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill	Chapel Hill, NC	279
25	Virginia Commonwealth University	Richmond, VA	263
26	Florida State University	Tallahassee, FL	750
27	Ohio State University	Columbus, OH	576
28	North Carolina State University-Raleigh	Raleigh, NC	403
28	University of Connecticut	Storrs, CT	483
30	University of Maryland-College Park	College Park, MD	491
30	Utah State University	Logan, UT	370
32	Indiana University-Bloomington	Bloomington, IN	339
32	Texas A&M University-College Station	College Station, TX	703
32	University of California-Davis	Davis, CA	248
32	University of Georgia	Athens, GA	950
32	University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign	Champaign, IL	429
32	University of Missouri	Columbia, MO	469
32	University of Pittsburgh	Pittsburgh, PA	368
39	University of Delaware	Newark, DE	211
39	University of Iowa	Iowa City, IA	408
41	Pennsylvania State University-University Park	University Park, PA	494
41	University of California-San Diego	La Jolla, CA	56
41	University of Colorado-Boulder	Boulder, CO	176
41	University of Illinois-Chicago	Chicago, IL	235
45	Boston University	Boston, MA	267
45	Rutgers University-New Brunswick	New Brunswick, NJ	303
47	Georgia State University	Atlanta, GA	835
47	Purdue University-West Lafayette	West Lafayette, IN	131
49	University of Massachusetts-Boston	Boston, MA	413
50	University of Nebraska-Lincoln	Lincoln, NE	230

資料來源：US News

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：藝術（Fine Arts）

名次	學校	學校位置	評估分數（滿分為 5 分）
1	University of California-Los Angeles	Los Angeles, CA	4.5
2	School of the Art Institute of Chicago	Chicago, IL	4.3
2	Yale University	New Haven, CT	4.3
4	Virginia Commonwealth University	Richmond, VA	4.2
5	California Institute of the Arts	Valencia, CA	4.1
5	Rhode Island School of Design	Providence, RI	4.1
7	Carnegie Mellon University	Pittsburgh , PA	4.0
8	Maryland Institute College of Art	Baltimore, MD	3.9
8	University of Michigan	Ann Arbor, MI	3.9
10	Alfred University-New York State College of Ceramics	Alfred, NY	3.8
10	Bard College	Annandale-on-Hudson, NY	3.8
10	California College of the Arts	San Francisco, CA	3.8
10	Columbia University	New York, NY	3.8
10	University of California-San Diego	La Jolla, CA	3.8
15	Arizona State University	Tempe, AZ	3.7
15	Art Center College of Design	Pasadena, CA	3.7
15	Cranbrook Academy of Art	Bloomfield Hills, MI	3.7
15	New School-Parsons School of Design	New York, NY	3.7
15	Pratt Institute	Brooklyn, NY	3.7
15	University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, CA	3.7
15	University of California-Davis	Davis, CA	3.7
15	University of Wisconsin-Madison	Madison, WI	3.7
23	CUNY-Hunter College	New York, NY	3.6
23	Massachusetts College of Art	Boston, MA	3.6
23	Rochester Institute of Technology	Rochester, NY	3.6
23	Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey-New Brunswick	New Brunswick, NJ	3.6
23	School of Visual Arts	New York, NY	3.6
23	University of Colorado-Boulder	Boulder, CO	3.6
23	University of Iowa	Iowa City, IA	3.6
23	University of Texas-Austin	Austin, TX	3.6
23	Washington University in St. Louis	Saint Louis, MO	3.6
32	Boston University	Boston, MA	3.5
32	Indiana University-Bloomington	Bloomington, IN	3.5
32	Ohio State University	Columbus, OH	3.5
32	Ohio University	Athens, OH	3.5
32	Otis College of Art and Design	Los Angeles, CA	3.5
32	Stanford University	Stanford, CA	3.5
32	Temple University	Philadelphia, PA	3.5
32	University of Arizona	Tucson, AZ	3.5
32	University of Georgia	Athens, GA	3.5
32	University of Washington	Seattle, WA	3.5
42	Claremont Graduate University	Claremont, CA	3.4
42	Florida State University	Tallahassee, FL	3.4
42	New York University	New York , NY	3.4
42	San Francisco Art Institute	San Francisco, CA	3.4
42	University of California-Irvine	Irvine, CA	3.4
42	University of California-Santa Barbara	Santa Barbara, CA	3.4
42	University of Chicago	Chicago, IL	3.4
42	University of Florida	Gainesville, FL	3.4
42	University of Illinois-Chicago	Chicago, IL	3.4
42	University of North Texas	Denton, TX	3.4
42	University of Tennessee-Knoxville	Knoxville, TN	3.4
42	California State University-Los Angeles	Los Angeles, CA	3.4

資料來源：US News

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：公共事務（Public Affairs）

名次	學校	學校位置	評估分數（滿分為 5 分）
1	Indiana University-Bloomington	Bloomington, IN	4.5
1	Syracuse University	Syracuse, NY	4.5
3	Harvard University	Cambridge, MA	4.2
3	University of California-Berkeley	Berkeley, CA	4.2
3	University of Georgia	Athens, GA	4.2
3	University of Southern California	Los Angeles, CA	4.2
3	University of Washington	Seattle, WA	4.2
8	University of Chicago	Chicago, IL	4.1
8	University of Michigan-Ann Arbor	Ann Arbor, MI	4.1
10	American University	Washington, DC	4.0
10	University of Texas-Austin	Austin, TX	4.0
12	Arizona State University	Phoenix, AZ	3.9
12	Carnegie Mellon University	Pittsburgh, PA	3.9
12	Georgetown University	Washington, DC	3.9
12	George Washington University	Washington, DC	3.9
12	New York University	New York, NY	3.9
12	Princeton University	Princeton, NJ	3.9
12	University of California-Los Angeles	Los Angeles, CA	3.9
12	University of Minnesota-Twin Cities	Minneapolis, MN	3.9
20	Georgia State University	Atlanta, GA	3.8
20	Ohio State University	Columbus, OH	3.8
20	University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill	Chapel Hill, NC	3.8
23	Columbia University	New York, NY	3.7
23	Duke University	Durham, NC	3.7
23	Texas A&M University-College Station	College Station, TX	3.7
23	University at Albany-SUNY	Albany, NY	3.7
23	University of Kansas	Lawrence, KS	3.7
23	University of Nebraska-Omaha	Omaha, NE	3.7
29	Rutgers University-Newark	Newark, NJ	3.6
29	University of Colorado-Denver	Denver, CO	3.6
29	University of Delaware	Newark, DE	3.6
29	University of Illinois-Chicago	Chicago, IL	3.6
29	University of Kentucky	Lexington, KY	3.6
29	University of Wisconsin-Madison	Madison, WI	3.6
35	Johns Hopkins University	Washington, DC	3.5
35	University of Maryland-College Park	College Park, MD	3.5
35	University of Virginia	Charlottesville, VA	3.5
35	Virginia Commonwealth University	Richmond, VA	3.5
39	Cornell University	Ithaca, NY	3.4
39	George Mason University	Arlington, VA	3.4
39	University of Arizona	Tucson, AZ	3.4
39	University of Central Florida	Orlando, FL	3.4
39	University of Connecticut	Hartford, CT	3.4
39	University of Pittsburgh	Pittsburgh, PA	3.4
39	Virginia Tech	Blacksburg, VA	3.4
46	CUNY-Baruch College	New York, NY	3.3
46	Florida State University	Tallahassee, FL	3.3
46	University of Missouri	Columbia, MO	3.3
49	Brigham Young University-Provo	Provo, UT	3.2
49	Georgia Institute of Technology	Atlanta, GA	3.2
49	Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis	Indianapolis, IN	3.2
49	North Carolina State University	Raleigh, NC	3.2
49	Northern Illinois University	DeKalb, IL	3.2
49	Portland State University	Portland, OR	3.2
49	University of North Carolina-Charlotte	Charlotte, NC	3.2

資料來源：US News

US News 如何排名這些研究所？

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：商業（Business）

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：法律（Law）

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：醫學（Medicine）

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：工程（Engineering）

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：護理（Nursing）

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：教育（Education）

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：藝術（Fine Arts）

2023 US News 美國研究所排名：公共事務（Public Affairs）

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