IB物理並不是一堂容易的課程，但假如學生對這門課有興趣，甚至大學想讀領域相關的主修，那你就應該要知道IB Physics SL和HL有什麼差別，以及應該如何選擇。一起來看看我們整理的課程資訊吧！
IB Physics SL vs. HL: 課程核心
IB Physics SL和HL都涵蓋8個主題、總共95小時的課程，以下是詳細的課程主題說明：
主題1：測量和不確定性（Measurements and Uncertainties）- SL和HL各5小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Measurements in physics | ⦾ Fundamental and derived SI units ⦾ Scientific notation and metric multipliers ⦾ Significant figures ⦾ Orders of magnitude ⦾ Estimation |
| Uncertainties and errors | ⦾ Random and systematic errors ⦾ Absolute, fractional and percentage uncertainties ⦾ Error bars ⦾ Uncertainty of gradient and intercepts |
| Vectors and scalars | ⦾ Vector and scalar quantities ⦾ Combination and resolution of vectors |
主題2：力學（Mechanics）- SL和HL各22小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Motion | ⦾ Distance and displacement ⦾ Speed and velocity ⦾ Acceleration ⦾ Graphs describing motion ⦾ Equations of motion for uniform acceleration ⦾ Projectile motion ⦾ Fluid resistance and terminal speed |
| Forces | ⦾ Objects as point particles ⦾ Free-body diagrams ⦾ Translational equilibrium ⦾ Newton’s laws of motion ⦾ Solid friction |
| Work, energy and power | ⦾ Kinetic energy ⦾ Gravitational potential energy ⦾ Elastic potential energy ⦾ Work done as energy transfer ⦾ Power as rate of energy transfer ⦾ Principle of conservation of energy ⦾ Efficiency |
| Momentum and impulse | ⦾ Newton’s second law expressed in terms of rate of change of momentum ⦾ Impulse and force–time graphs ⦾ Conservation of linear momentum ⦾ Elastic collisions, inelastic collisions and explosions |
主題3：熱學（Thermal Physics）- SL和HL各11小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Thermal concepts | ⦾ Molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases ⦾ Temperature and absolute temperature ⦾ Internal energy ⦾ Specific heat capacity ⦾ Phase change ⦾ Specific latent heat |
| Modelling a gas | ⦾ Pressure ⦾ Equation of state for an ideal gas ⦾ Kinetic model of an ideal gas ⦾ Mole, molar mass and the Avogadro constant ⦾ Differences between real and ideal gases |
主題4：波（Waves）- SL和HL各15小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Oscillations | ⦾ Simple harmonic oscillations ⦾ Time period, frequency, amplitude, displacement and phase difference ⦾ Conditions for simple harmonic motion |
| Travelling waves | ⦾ Travelling waves ⦾ Wavelength, frequency, period and wave speed ⦾ Transverse and longitudinal waves ⦾ The nature of electromagnetic waves ⦾ The nature of sound waves |
| Wave characteristics | ⦾ Wavefronts and rays ⦾ Amplitude and intensity ⦾ Superposition ⦾ Polarization |
| Wave behaviour | ⦾ Reflection and refraction ⦾ Snell’s law, critical angle and total internal reflection ⦾ Diffraction through a single-slit and around objects ⦾ Interference patterns ⦾ Double-slit interference ⦾ Path difference |
| Standing waves | ⦾ The nature of standing waves ⦾ Boundary conditions ⦾ Nodes and antinodes |
主題5：電力與磁力（Electricity and Magnetism）- SL和HL各15小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Electric fields | ⦾ Charge ⦾ Electric field ⦾ Coulomb’s law ⦾ Electric current ⦾ Direct current (dc) ⦾ Potential difference |
| Heating effect of electric currents | ⦾ Circuit diagrams ⦾ Kirchhoff’s circuit laws ⦾ Heating effect of current and its consequences ⦾ Resistance expressed as R = V/I ⦾ Ohm’s law ⦾ Resistivity ⦾ Power dissipation |
| Electric cells | ⦾ Cells ⦾ Internal resistance ⦾ Secondary cells ⦾ Terminal potential difference ⦾ Electromotive force (emf) |
| Magnetic effects of electric currents | ⦾ Magnetic fields ⦾ Magnetic force |
主題6：圓周運動和引力（Circular Motion and Gravitation）- SL和HL各5小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Circular motion | ⦾ Period, frequency, angular displacement and angular velocity ⦾ Centripetal force ⦾ Centripetal acceleration |
| Newton’s law of gravitation | ⦾ Newton’s law of gravitation ⦾ Gravitational field strength |
主題7：原子、核及粒子（Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics）- SL和HL各14小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Discrete energy and radioactivity | ⦾ Discrete energy and discrete energy levels ⦾ Transitions between energy levels ⦾ Radioactive decay ⦾ Fundamental forces and their properties ⦾ Alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays ⦾ Half-life ⦾ Absorption characteristics of decay particles ⦾ Isotopes ⦾ Background radiation |
| Nuclear reactions | ⦾ The unified atomic mass unit ⦾ Mass defect and nuclear binding energy ⦾ Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion |
| The structure of matter | ⦾ Quarks, leptons and their antiparticles ⦾ Hadrons, baryons and mesons ⦾ The conservation laws of charge, baryon number, lepton number and strangeness ⦾ The nature and range of the strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force ⦾ Exchange particles ⦾ Feynman diagrams ⦾ Confinement ⦾ The Higgs boson |
主題8：能源生產（Energy Production）- SL和HL各8小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Energy sources | ⦾ Specific energy and energy density of fuel sources ⦾ Sankey diagrams ⦾ Primary energy sources ⦾ Electricity as a secondary and versatile form of energy ⦾ Renewable and non-renewable energy sources |
| Thermal energy transfer | ⦾ Conduction, convection and thermal radiation ⦾ Black-body radiation ⦾ Albedo and emissivity ⦾ The solar constant ⦾ The greenhouse effect ⦾ Energy balance in the Earth surface–atmosphere system |
主題9：波動現象（Wave Phenomena） – HL 17小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Simple harmonic motion (HL ONLY) | ⦾ The defining equation of SHM ⦾ Energy changes |
| Single-slit diffraction (HL ONLY) | ⦾ The nature of single-slit diffraction |
| Interference (HL ONLY) | ⦾ Young’s double-slit experiment ⦾ Modulation of two-slit interference pattern by one-slit diffraction effect ⦾ Multiple slit and diffraction grating interference patterns ⦾ Thin film interference |
| Resolution (HL ONLY) | ⦾ The size of a diffracting aperture ⦾ The resolution of simple monochromatic two-source systems |
| Doppler effect (HL ONLY) | ⦾ The Doppler effect for sound waves and light waves |
主題10：場（Fields） – HL 11小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Describing fields (HL ONLY) | ⦾ Gravitational fields ⦾ Electrostatic fields ⦾ Electric potential and gravitational potential ⦾ Field lines ⦾ Equipotential surfaces |
| Fields at work (HL ONLY) | ⦾ Potential and potential energy ⦾ Potential gradient ⦾ Potential difference ⦾ Escape speed ⦾ Orbital motion, orbital speed and orbital energy ⦾ Forces and inverse-square law behaviour |
主題11：電磁感應（Electromagnetic Induction） – HL 16小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Electromagnetic induction (HL ONLY) | ⦾ Electromotive force (emf) ⦾ Magnetic flux and magnetic flux linkage ⦾ Faraday’s law of induction ⦾ Lenz’s law |
| Power generation and transmission (HL ONLY) | ⦾ Alternating current (ac) generators ⦾ Average power and root mean square (rms) values of current and voltage ⦾ Transformers ⦾ Diode bridges ⦾ Half-wave and full-wave rectification |
| Capacitance (HL ONLY) | ⦾ Capacitance ⦾ Dielectric materials ⦾ Capacitors in series and parallel ⦾ Resistor-capacitor (RC) series circuits ⦾ Time constant |
主題12：量子與核物理（Quantum and Nuclear Physics） – HL 16小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| The interaction of matter with radiation (HL ONLY) | ⦾ Photons ⦾ The photoelectric effect ⦾ Matter waves ⦾ Pair production and pair annihilation ⦾ Quantization of angular momentum in the Bohr model for hydrogen ⦾ The wave function ⦾ The uncertainty principle for energy and time and position and momentum ⦾ Tunnelling, potential barrier and factors affecting tunnelling probability |
| Nuclear physics (HL ONLY) | ⦾ Rutherford scattering and nuclear radius ⦾ Nuclear energy levels ⦾ The neutrino ⦾ The law of radioactive decay and the decay constant |
IB Physics SL vs. HL: 選修
除了上述這些課程核心外，老師還可能會要你選修一些額外主題，SL 3-4個（約15小時）、HL 2-3個（約25小時）。
選項A: 相對性（Relativity） – SL和HL各15小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| The beginnings of relativity | ⦾ Reference frames ⦾ Galilean relativity and Newton’s postulates concerning time and space ⦾ Maxwell and the constancy of the speed of light ⦾ Forces on a charge or current |
| Lorentz transformations | ⦾ The two postulates of special relativity ⦾ Clock synchronization ⦾ The Lorentz transformations ⦾ Velocity addition ⦾ Invariant quantities (spacetime interval, proper time, proper length and rest mass) ⦾ Time dilation ⦾ Length contraction ⦾ The muon decay experiment |
| Spacetime diagrams | ⦾ Spacetime diagrams ⦾ Worldlines ⦾ The twin paradox |
選項A: 相對性（Relativity） – HL 10小時以上
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Relativistic mechanics (HL ONLY) | ⦾ Total energy and rest energy ⦾ Relativistic momentum ⦾ Particle acceleration ⦾ Electric charge as an invariant quantity ⦾ Photons ⦾ MeV c^–2 as the unit of mass and MeV c^–1 as the unit of momentum |
| General Relativity (HL ONLY) | ⦾ The equivalence principle ⦾ The bending of light ⦾ Gravitational redshift and the Pound–Rebka–Snider experiment ⦾ Schwarzschild black holes ⦾ Event horizons ⦾ Time dilation near a black hole ⦾ Applications of general relativity to the universe as a whole |
選項B: 工程物理（Engineering Physics） – SL和HL各15小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Rigid bodies and rotational dynamics | ⦾ Torque ⦾ Moment of inertia ⦾ Rotational and translational equilibrium ⦾ Angular acceleration ⦾ Equations of rotational motion for uniform angular acceleration ⦾ Newton’s second law applied to angular motion ⦾ Conservation of angular momentum |
| Thermodynamics | ⦾ The first law of thermodynamics ⦾ The second law of thermodynamics ⦾ Entropy ⦾ Cyclic processes and pV diagrams ⦾ Isovolumetric, isobaric, isothermal and adiabatic processes ⦾ Carnot cycle ⦾ Thermal efficiency |
選項B: 工程物理（Engineering Physics） – HL 10小時以上
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Fluids and fluid dynamics (HL ONLY) | ⦾ Density and pressure ⦾ Buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle ⦾ Pascal’s principle ⦾ Hydrostatic equilibrium ⦾ The ideal fluid ⦾ Streamlines ⦾ The continuity equation ⦾ The Bernoulli equation and the Bernoulli effect ⦾ Stokes’ law and viscosity ⦾ Laminar and turbulent flow and the Reynolds number |
| Forced vibrations and resonance (HL ONLY) | ⦾ Natural frequency of vibration ⦾ Q factor and damping ⦾ Periodic stimulus and the driving frequency ⦾ Resonance |
選項C: 成像（Imaging） – SL和HL各15小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Introduction to imaging | ⦾ Thin lenses ⦾ Converging and diverging lenses ⦾ Converging and diverging mirrors ⦾ Ray diagrams ⦾ Real and virtual images ⦾ Linear and angular magnification ⦾ Spherical and chromatic aberrations |
| Imaging instrumentation | ⦾ Optical compound microscopes ⦾ Simple optical astronomical refracting telescopes ⦾ Simple optical astronomical reflecting telescopes ⦾ Single-dish radio telescopes ⦾ Radio interferometry telescopes ⦾ Satellite-borne telescopes |
| Fibre optics | ⦾ Structure of optic fibres ⦾ Step-index fibres and graded-index fibres ⦾ Total internal reflection and critical angle ⦾ Waveguide and material dispersion in optic fibres ⦾ Attenuation and the decibel (dB) scale |
選項C: 成像（Imaging） – HL 10小時以上
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Medical imaging (HL ONLY) | ⦾ Detection and recording of X-ray images in medical contexts ⦾ Generation and detection of ultrasound in medical contexts ⦾ Medical imaging techniques (magnetic resonance imaging) involving nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) |
選項D: 天體物理學（Astrophysics） – SL和HL各15小時
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Stellar quantities | ⦾ Objects in the universe ⦾ The nature of stars ⦾ Astronomical distances ⦾ Stellar parallax and its limitations ⦾ Luminosity and apparent brightness |
| Stellar characteristics and stellar evolution | ⦾ Stellar spectra ⦾ Hertzsprung–Russell (HR) diagram ⦾ Mass–luminosity relation for main sequence stars ⦾ Cepheid variables ⦾ Stellar evolution on HR diagrams ⦾ Red giants, white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes ⦾ Chandrasekhar and Oppenheimer–Volkoff limits |
| Cosmology | ⦾ The Big Bang model ⦾ Cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation ⦾ Hubble’s law ⦾ The accelerating universe and redshift (z) ⦾ The cosmic scale factor (R) |
選項D: 天體物理學（Astrophysics） – HL 10小時以上
| Subtopic | IB Points to Understand |
| Stellar processes (HL ONLY) | ⦾ The Jeans criterion ⦾ Nuclear fusion ⦾ Nucleosynthesis off the main sequence ⦾ Type Ia and II supernovae |
| Further cosmology (HL ONLY) | ⦾ The cosmological principle ⦾ Rotation curves and the mass of galaxies ⦾ Dark matter ⦾ Fluctuations in the CMB ⦾ The cosmological origin of redshift ⦾ Critical density ⦾ Dark energy |
IB物理 SL vs. HL：學生該如何選擇？
現在我們了解物理SL跟HL課程涵蓋了相同的8個主題，那什麼樣的學生合適 SL，什麼樣的學生又合適 HL 呢？
哪些學生合適選擇 Physics SL？
如果你是屬於下面這三種類型的學生，我們可能建議你選擇 Physics SL：
- 物理不是強項科目，大學也不打算讀物理系
- 大學不排除主修物理系，但物理有點難，上了 HL 可能會搞砸 IB 分數（概念上 SL 6 分 ”等於“ HL 5 分）
- 已經有其他三科更好拿高分的 HL 課程了，不需要物理也是 HL
哪些學生合適選擇 Physics HL？
如果你是屬於下面這三種類型的學生，我們可能建議你選擇 Physics HL：
- 大學想主修（或不排除主修）物理系或其他 STEM 科系，而且物理對你來說也不會太難
- 物理非常難，但你上 IB DP 所以必須選三門 SL 三門 HL，已經有其他三門更難的科目佔掉 SL 的名額了，物理只能上 HL
- 物理有點難，但你認為物理很有意思，想多學一點相關知識
如果還是很茫然、不知道應該怎麼選擇的話，不妨透過Ivy-Way官網尋求免費諮詢，我們可以針對你的困擾給你最合適的選課建議喔！
